A Clean Conscience and Dry Pants: Navigating Ethical Waters in Toilet Training

Sunday, July 28, 2024

Picture of Renee Collins, CBA, BCBA

Renee Collins, CBA, BCBA

Clinical Director

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References:

  • Association for Behaviour Analysis Australia. (2022). Code of Ethical Practice. Sandy Bay, TAS.

  • Azrin, N. H., & Foxx, R. M. (1971). A rapid method of toilet training the institutionalized retarded. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 4(2), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1971.4-89

  • Bacotti, Janelle & Perez, Brandon & Vollmer, Timothy. (2023). Reflections and Critical Directions for Toilet Training in Applied Behavior Analysis. Perspectives on Behavior Science. 46. 10.1007/s40614-023-00384-z.

  • Brodhead, M.T., Quigley, S.P. & Wilczynski, S.M. A Call for Discussion About Scope of Competence in Behavior Analysis. Behaviour Analysis Practice 11, 424–435 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-018-00303-8

  • Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (2020). Ethics code for behavior analysts. https://bacb.com/wp-content/ethics-code-for-behavior-analysts/

  • Cicero, F.R., & Pfadt, A. (2002). Investigation of a reinforcement-based toilet training procedure for children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23, 319—331.
    Croteau, N. P., Moore, C., Griffith, A., & Franco, E. (2022). The effects of a caregiver implemented toilet training package. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05703-y.

  • Donnelly, M.G., Karsten, A.M. Resolving Barriers to Continence for Children with Disabilities: Steps Toward Evidence-Based Practice. Behav Analysis Practice 17, 157–175 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-023-00891-0

  • Foxx, R. M., & Azrin, N. H. (1973a). Dry pants: A rapid method of toilet training children. Behavior Research & Therapy, 11, 435–442.https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(73)90102-2

  • Francis, Kady & Mannion, Arlene & Leader, Geraldine. (2017). The Assessment and Treatment of Toileting Difficulties in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Developmental Disabilities. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 4. 10.1007/s40489-017-0107-3.

  • Greer, B. D., Neidert, P. M., & Dozier, C. L. (2016). A component analysis of toilet-training procedures recommended for young children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 49(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.275

  • Hanney, N. M., Jostad, C. M., LeBlanc, L. A., Carr, J. E., & Castile, A. J. (2012). Intensive behavioral treatment of urinary incontinence of children with autism spectrum disorders: An archival analysis of procedures and outcomes from an outpatient clinic. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 28(1), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088357612457987

  • Kaerts, N., Van Hal, G., Vermandel, A., & Wyndaele, J. J. (2012). Readiness signs used to define the proper moment to start toilet training: a review of the literature. Neurourology and urodynamics, 31(4), 437–440. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.21211

  • Lancioni, G. E., & Markus, S. (1999). Urine-triggered alarm sig- nals and prompts to promote daytime urinary continence in a boy with severe intellectual disability. Behavioural & Cogni- tive Psychotherapy, 27, 261–265. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352 465899273079

  • Luiselli, J. K. (1996). A Transfer of Stimulus Control Procedure Applicable to Toilet Training Programs for Children with Developmental Disabilities. Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 18(2), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1300/J019v18n02_04

  • Schum, T. R., Kolb, T. M., McAuliffe, T. L., Simms, M. D., Underhill, R. L., & Lewis, M. (2002). Sequential acquisition of toilet-training skills: a descriptive study of gender and age differences in normal children. Pediatrics, 109(3), E48. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.109.3.e48

  • Simon, J. L., & Thompson, R. H. (2006). The effects of undergarment type on the urinary continence of toddlers.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 39(3), 363–368. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2006.124-05

  • Tarbox, R. S., Williams, W. L., & Friman, P. C. (2004). Extended diaper wearing: Effects on continence in and out of the diaper. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37(1), 97–100. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2004.37-97

  • Turpin, J., Jaggears, A., Cagliani, R., & Snyder, S. K. (2024). Effects of Diaper Removal and a Toilet Training Package for Early Childhood Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 59(1), 59-70.

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Super Kids acknowledges each individual’s personal preference to use identity-first or person-first language to describe themselves or their loved one. We interchangeably use both language conventions and therefore refer to both Autistic children and children with Autism.